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What method can be used to measure the output ripple and switch transient of the voltage regulator?

  Voltage regulator (AVR) is specially designed for AC brushless generator with matching base wave, harmonic compound excitation or permanent magnet generator excitation (PGM system).   The voltage regulator realizes the automatic adjustment of the output voltage of the generator by controlling the excitation current of the alternating current exciter of the generator. Generator voltage regulator can be used for normal 60/50Hz and mid-frequency 400Hz single-machine or parallel-running generators.   It is important to minimize the output ripple and transient of the switch regulator, especially when supplying power to noise-sensitive devices such as high-resolution ADC, the output ripple will appear distinctly spurious in the ADC output spectrum.   To avoid reducing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and stray-free dynamic range (SFDR) performance, switch regulators are usually replaced by low-pressure differential regulators (LDOs), sacrificing the high efficiency of switch regulators in exchange for cleaner LDO output. Understanding these artifacts will enable designers to successfully integrate switch regulators into more high-performance, noise-sensitive applications.   Output ripple and switch transient depend on the regulator topology and the value and characteristics of external components.   Output ripple is the residual AC output voltage, which is closely related to the switch operation of the regulator. Its base frequency is the same as the switch frequency of the regulator. Switch transient is a high frequency oscillation that occurs during switch switching. Their magnitude is expressed in terms of the maximum peak voltage, which is difficult to measure precisely because it is highly correlated with the test settings.   The inductance and output capacitance of the regulator are the main components that affect the output ripple. Smaller inductance produces faster transient response at the expense of larger current ripple; A larger inductance makes the current ripple smaller at the expense of a slower transient response. The output ripple can be minimized by using a low effective series resistance (ESR) capacitor.

What is the low ESR and high ripple current for solid state capacitors

  Capacitors are energy storage elements used in circuits for tuning, filtering, coupling, bypass, energy conversion, and delay. Capacitors are often called capacitors. According to its structure, it can be divided into three types: fixed capacitor, semi-variable capacitor and variable capacitor.   Solid aluminium electrolytic capacitor is short for conductive polymer solid aluminium electrolytic capacitor, and is one of the highest-grade products in capacitor products.   ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) refers to the series equivalent resistance, which is an important indicator of capacitance. The lower the ESR, the faster the charge and discharge of capacitance. This performance directly affects the decoupling performance of power supply circuit of microprocessor. The advantage of low ESR of solid-state electrolytic capacitance in high frequency circuit is more obvious.   It can be said that the low ESR characteristics at high frequencies are the watershed between the performance differences of solid electrolytic capacitance and liquid capacitance. The ESR of solid-state aluminium electrolytic capacitance is very low, with very small energy dissipation. The very low ESR characteristic of the solid state capacitor under high temperature, high frequency and high power conditions can fully absorb the high amplitude voltage generated between the power cords in the circuit and prevent its interference to the system.   Currently, the power consumption of the CPU is very large, the main frequency is far beyond 1GHz, the peak current of the CPU reaches 80A or more, and the output filter capacitance is close to the critical point of operation. On the other hand, CPUs work in a variety of modes, most of the time in the process of working mode conversion. When the CPU changes from a low power state to a full load state, the large amount of energy required for instantaneous (generally less than 5ms) switching of this CPU comes from the capacitance in the CPU power supply circuit. At this time, the high-speed charging and discharging characteristics of the solid state capacitor can output the high peak current instantaneously, ensuring adequate power supply and ensuring the stable operation of the CPU.

What is the role of hot plug controller in DC boost circuit

  Hot plug controllers are usually used in high availability systems such as servers, network switches, and other forms of communication infrastructure. This kind of system usually needs to replace the faulty circuit board or module in the charged state, and the system still operates normally. This process is called hot plug.   One use of the hot plug controller is to solve the output end protection problem of the switching DC boost circuit by using the overcurrent and short-circuit protection functions of the hot plug protection circuit.   The DC boost circuit is a switching DC boost circuit. The output voltage is higher than the input voltage, and the polarity of the output voltage is unchanged. It is to raise the low DC voltage provided by the battery to the required voltage value. Its basic working process is: high-frequency oscillation generates low-voltage pulses - pulse transformer boosts to a predetermined voltage value - pulse rectification to obtain high-voltage DC power. Therefore, the DC boost circuit belongs to a type of DC / DC circuit.   When the switch is on, the power supply forms a loop through the inductor switch, and the current is converted into magnetic energy storage in the inductor; When the switch is turned off, the magnetic energy in the inductor is converted into electrical energy at the inductor end, which is negative on the left and positive on the right. This voltage is superimposed on the positive end of the power supply and forms a loop through the diode load to complete the boosting function. When the output overcurrent is over-current, the circuit will sample the peak current of the switch, reduce the duty ratio and cause the output voltage to drop. When the output voltage drops to the input voltage, the overcurrent protection is no longer controlled and the protection fails.   In addition, the output overcurrent point will increase with the increase of the input voltage. When the output is short circuited, the input power supply will form a short circuit loop through the inductor and the booster diode, resulting in power failure. Another disadvantage of boost circuit is that it is not convenient to control off the output. When the control chip is turned off and the switch tube is turned off, the output still has voltage. Unlike buck circuit, it is very convenient to reduce the output voltage to 0 V   Hot plug refers to hot plug. Hot plug function allows users to take out and replace damaged power supply or cards and other components without shutting down the system and cutting off the power supply, thus improving the system's ability of timely recovery, expansibility and flexibility to disasters. If there is no hot plug controller, the module at the load side will have a surge current impact on the power supply when it is plugged in and out, affecting the stability of voltage and the reliability of power supply.   This problem can be solved by the hot plug controller, which can reasonably control the surge current and ensure the safe power on interval. After power on, the hot plug controller can continuously monitor the power supply current to avoid short circuit and overcurrent during normal operation.

What is the role of plug-in power inductors in smart home scenarios?

  In recent years, smart home, also known as smart house, has appeared in people's vision. Generally speaking, it is a networked and intelligent home control system integrating automatic control system, computer network system and network communication technology. Smart home system is based on the residential platform and controls all appliances connected to the home network through mobile app.   Smart home includes eight subsystems; The purpose of these systems is to bring people a safe, convenient, comfortable, artistic, environment-friendly and energy-saving living environment. Smart home not only needs convenient and intelligent control program in software, but also needs to ensure the normal operation of smart home system in hardware.   In this case, various inductors must be used in the circuit to collect data. In addition, there are protection circuit, oscillation circuit, power supply circuit, power amplification circuit and filter circuit; These circuits are without exception, and inductors are one of the indispensable electronic components.   So, what is the role of plug-in power inductors in smart home scenarios?   Current blocking effect: the self induced electromotive force in the coil always opposes the current change in the coil. It can be mainly divided into high-frequency choke coil and low-frequency choke coil.   Tuning and frequency selection: LC tuning circuit can be formed by connecting inductance coil and capacitor in parallel. That is, if the natural oscillation frequency f0 of the circuit is equal to the frequency f of the non AC signal, the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance of the circuit are also equal, so the electromagnetic energy oscillates back and forth between the inductance and capacitance, which is the resonance phenomenon of the LC circuit. During resonance, because the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance of the circuit are equivalent and reverse, the inductive reactance of the total circuit current is the smallest and the current is the largest (referring to the AC signal of f=f0), so the LC resonant circuit has the function of selecting the frequency and can select the AC signal of a certain frequency f.